This article is an abbreviation of my 8 page-long research (with all relevant references). It is a LONG, but still brief presentation of the "TERRIBLY SINISTER" facts to be read by all and stored by some - the serious elite - into their "FAVORITES" for subsequent re-reading & references.

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The three organizations which control Western societies everywhere and the New World Order:

1. the United States is the military arm of the New World Order (NWO) headquartered in Washington, D.C. … 2. the United Kingdom is the financial arm of the NWO based in the Financial District in the City of London ... 3. the Vatican authority which has forever functioned as the religious arm.

However, the leaders in each of these major arenas suffer from extremely high visibility.  Exposure is the first thing that real power-brokers and controller types avoid like the plague.  Those who really control the earthly realm operate in utter secrecy.  They always have and they always will since it is secrecy that is the very basis of their power and influence. Only with this correct knowledge can the many levels of power and layers of influence which exist above these three power centers be properly understood. True worldly power never, ever reveals itself. It always stays hidden from view. If you think you see it, hear it, feel it, then it is not real power. This abiding modus operandi is what allows true worldly power to stay in the ascendant position, as well as to continue to accrue even more power unto itself.  In fact it always acts in utter secrecy.

No one knows this fact of life on Earth better than the Jesuits. This Roman Catholic denomination was founded as a military organization and built around a classic pyramid of power hierarchy.  The Jesuit General who resides at the very peak of the pinnacle of this pyramid enjoys absolute authority.

 It is the Jesuits who are what I have called the earthly "Overlords of the Chaos”. Jesuits Control the Vatican and Are the Real Spiritual Controllers of the New World Order.

WHO ARE THE JESUITS:

“The Jesuits are a MILITARY organization, not a religious order. Their chief is a general of an army, not the mere father abbot of a monastery. And the aim of this organization is power – power in its most despotic exercise – absolute power, universal power, power to control the world by the volition of a single man [i.e., the Black Pope, the Superior General of the Jesuits]. Jesuitism is the most absolute of despotisms – and at the same time the greatest and most enormous of abuses…” Napoleon I

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A look at how the Jesuits controlled Europe

“The Jesuits became the predominant group supplying confessors to (meaning, hearers of the confessions of) kings and princes and those in authority.  As the New Catholic Encyclopedia says, "they acted as royal confessor to all French kings for 2 centuries, from Henry III to Louis XV; to all German emperors after the early 17th century; to all Dukes of Bavaria after 1579; to most rulers of Poland and Portugal; to princely families throughout Europe. It is in this way that the Jesuits have been relied upon for advice and counsel by kings and queens, presidents and prime ministers throughout the past 450 years.  They quite stealthily finesse their way into the confidence of world leaders wherever they are needed to start wars, trigger global depressions, instigate revolutions, and incite diplomatic conflicts of every sort and kind.  In a word, the Jesuits are history’s greatest troublemakers, which is precisely why they have been kicked out of so many countries down through the centuries.

EXPULSION of the ORDER

Between 1555 and 1931 the Society of Jesus [i.e., the Jesuit Order] was expelled from at least 83 countries, city states and cities, for engaging in political intrigue and subversion plots against the welfare of the State, according to the records of a Jesuit priest of repute [i.e., Thomas J.  Campbell].  Practically every instance of expulsion was for political intrigue, political infiltration, political subversion, and inciting to political insurrection."Obviously the Jesuits were not expelled from many nations (even Catholic nations) because of their educational or charity work.  They were expelled for engaging in and carrying out subversive political plots against humanity to advance their own cause.

Pope Clement XIV abolished the Jesuits as a society in 1773:

It did not take long for the 18^th Century Catholic nations to get tired of the meddling of the Jesuits into their national affairs.   The Jesuits' deception, spying, infiltration, assassination, and revolution, working deep into the political field and plotting through politics throughout the world countries.  The European kings were so infuriated against the Jesuits that they demanded the Roman Catholic Church abolish them once and for all.  Sufficient political pressure was brought to bear on Pope Clement XIII.  However, he passed away before he could do anything about it.  The task of abolishing the Society of Jesus then fell on his successor, Clement XIV.  As Clement XIV signed the decree abolishing the Jesuit Order he said, “I have signed my death warrant,…” Within nine months he was dead. 

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No other entity on Earth was expelled and suppressed by Catholic and non-Catholic countries as the Jesuits.

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Restoration of the order in 1814

After Pope Pius VII was freed from exile in 1814, his first order of business upon returning to Rome was to restore the Jesuit order

The papacy suffered great humiliation at the hand of Napoleon.  Thus, right after the defeat of Napoleon in 1814, Pope Pius VII was freed from imprisonment and was returned to Rome.  The need to restore the Jesuit militia became an urgent matter.  Rome did not want to be deprived again of the services of the Jesuits, no matter how burdensome this service was to the Church of Rome, and its allies.

CRIMES of the JESUITS

Inquisition with the criminal Jesuits wearing the black habit

It is impossible to list the crimes they were responsible for starting with the dreaded inquisition to the many kings and leaders of countries assassinated. 

 Painting of assassination of King Henri IV of France by Ravaillac (a Jesuit operative)

Here is a very short list:

• Heads of states were assassinated by the Jesuits, when they attempt to suppress the influence and meddling of the Jesuits in their national affairs.  Of heads of states that are known to have been assassinated by Jesuits I shall mention for example: William of Orange, Kings Henry III and Henry IV of France, Czars Alexander I and Alexander II of Russia, President Abraham Lincoln
  
• “In Bohemia, by 1600, in a population of 4,000,000, 80 per cent were Protestant.   When the Hapsburgs and Jesuits had done their work, 800,000 were left, all Catholics.”
  
  
  
  Pope Jean-Paul I with behind the sinister Cardinal VILLOT
• Pope Jean-Paul I – 33 days – Cardinal Luciani Albini. Sister Vicenza found the Holy Father dead at approximately 4:45 a.m. on September 29, 1978 in his bathroom with vomit on the floor and was forced to keep silent by the Secretariat of State, Cardinal Villot, who imposed a vow of silence upon her to cover-up the whole affair. The secretaries were likewise forbidden to advise anyone of the events without Cardinal Villot's authorization.  A trustworthy person conveyed to Fr. Saez personally that Sister Vicenza had said, "But the world must know the truth."
  (On August 28, the beginning of his papal revolution was announced: there was to be no coronation, that the new pope refused to be crowned, there would be no sedia gestatoria, the chair used to carry the pope, no tiara encrusted with emeralds, rubies, sapphires, and diamonds, no ostrich feathers, no six-hour ceremony.... Luciani, insisted that the "coronation" becomes a simple Mass. The spectacle of a pontiff carried in a chair...was supplanted by the sight of a supreme pastor quietly walking up the steps of the altar. With that gesture Luciani abolished a thousand years of history.)

Why was he murdered? Because of his intent to overturn the tables of the corrupt Vatican Bank, and purge the Vatican of the P2 Lodge, an international network of fascists and money launderers, with ties to far-right elements within military and intelligence agencies which included high echelons of Jesuits.

Cardinal Villot was Vatican Secretary of State from 1969 to 1979, and Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church from 1970 to 1979

• Pope Jean-Paul I died after his "toast" with Cardinal Villot the night of September 28, 1978. The bottle and all his papers disappeared. On order of Cardinal Villot – a Jesuit – within 10 hours, the entire 19 rooms of the Papal Apartments were totally bereft of anything remotely associated with the Papacy of Luciani.
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It is equally impossible to list what the Kings/Presidents of countries have said about the nefarious influence & power of the Jesuits over the centuries:

• "My history of the Jesuits is not eloquently written, but it is supported by unquestionable authorities, [and] is very particular and very horrible. Their [the Jesuit Order’s] restoration [in 1814 by Pope Pius VII] is indeed a step toward darkness, cruelty, despotism, [and] death. … I do not like the appearance of the Jesuits. If ever there was a body of men who merited eternal damnation on earth and in hell, it is this Society of [Ignatius de] Loyola."John Adams (1735-1826; 2nd President of the United States)
  
  
• "The Jesuits…are a secret society – a sort of Masonic order – with super-added features of revolting odiousness, and a thousand times more dangerous."Samuel Morse (1791-1872; American inventor of the telegraph; author of the book Foreign Conspiracy Against the Liberties of the United States) - See more at: http://secret.theroyalsociety.eu/#sthash.YBQUdZD8.dpuf

• It is my opinion that if the liberties of this country – the United States of America – are destroyed, it will be by the subtlety of the Roman Catholic Jesuit priests, for they are the most crafty, dangerous enemies to civil and religious liberty. They have instigated MOST of the wars of Europe."Marquis de Lafayette (1757-1834; French statesman and general. He served in the American Continental Army under the command of General George Washington during the American Revolutionary War.)
  
  
• “Alas, I knew they [i.e., the Jesuits] would poison me; but I did not expect to die in so slow and cruel a manner.” (1774)Pope Clement XIV (Who had “forever” abolished the Jesuit Order in 1773)
  
  
• "The war [i.e., the American Civil War of 1861-1865] would never have been possible without the sinister influence of the Jesuits."
  Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865; 16th President of the United States)- See more at: http://secret.theroyalsociety.eu/#sthash.YBQUdZD8.dpuf
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OATH OF JESUITS

When a Jesuit of the minor rank is to be elevated to command, he is conducted into the Chapel of the Convent of the Order, where there are only three others present, the principal or Superior standing in front of the altar. On either side stands a monk, one of whom holds a banner of yellow and white, which are the Papal colours, and the other ... a black banner with a dagger and red cross above a skull and crossbones, with the word INRI, and below them the words IUSTUM NECAR REGES IMPIUS = It is just to exterminate or annihilate impious or heretical Kings, Governments, or Rulers. The ceremony takes place facing the black banner.

Dr. Alberto Rivera, who escaped from the Jesuit Order in 1967, confirms that the induction ceremony and the text of the Jesuit Oath which he took were identical to the text cited above.

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POPE FRANCIS

He is the first JESUIT POPE … No other pope was ever chosen from among the JESUIT ORDER.

 Notice the Jesuits' emblem

                                                          

PERSONAL PREDICTION (with 80% certainty) OF HILLARY CLINTON'S FATE

Senator Tim Kaine was quite purposefully chosen as the running mate of Hillary Clinton because of his strong Jesuit education and pedigree.  A Jesuit-trained Irish Catholic of his stature is just what is needed by the NWO cabal should a President Hillary Clinton become a reality.  Were she to become POTUS (PresidentOfTheUnitedStates), she would either be impeached (resulting in Tim Kaine becoming POTUS), incapacitated by her many physical and mental deficits (resulting in Kaine becoming POTUS) or die by Jesuit intrigue or natural death (resulting in Kaine becoming POTUS). Even if she finishes out her term, he still holds sway as Jesuits always do.

Present General of the Jesuits

The Superior General of the Society of Jesus is the official title of the leader of the Roman Catholic religious order, the Jesuits. He is generally addressed as Father General. The position sometimes carries the derogatory nickname of the Black Pope. The current Superior General is the Reverend Father Adolfo Nicolás. 

He is the second most powerful cardinal in the Curia … (A Jesuit shown here wearing the Black Frock of all Jesuit priests) ... He was appointed by Pope Francis, an ex-Jesuit priest.

Question During Jesuit elevation to a higher rank

 From whither do you come?

Answer:- The Holy faith.
Q.:- Whom do you serve?
A.:- The Holy Father at Rome, the Pope, and the Roman Catholic Church Universal throughout the world.

Francis I Coat of Arms

Q.:- Who commands you? A.:- The Successor of St. Ignatius Loyola, the founder of the Society of Jesus or the Soldiers of Jesus Christ.
Q.:- Who received you?
A.:- A venerable man in white hair.
Q.:- How?
A.:- With a naked dagger, I kneeling upon the cross beneath the banners of the Pope and of our sacred order.
Q.:- Did you take an oath?
A.:- I did, to destroy heretics and their governments and rulers, and to spare neither age, sex nor condition. To be as a corpse without any opinion or will of my own, but to implicitly obey my Superiors in all things without hesitation of murmuring.
Q.:- Will you do that?
A.:- I will.
Q.:- How do you travel?
A.:- In the bark of Peter the fisherman.
Q.:- Whither do you travel?
A.:- To the four quarters of the globe.
Q.:- For what purpose?
A.:- To obey the orders of my general and Superiors and execute the will of the Pope and faithfully fulfill the conditions of my oaths.
Q.:- Go ye, then, into all the world and take possession of all lands in the name of the Pope. He who will not accept him as the Vicar of Jesus and his Vice-regent on earth, let him be accursed and exterminated."

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Personal Remark:

I have talked to Jesuit priests on 3 continents in last 50 years and Jesuit educated individuals(my cousin billy) ... they all could discuss logically & reasonably UP TO A POINT, the point of the rock-like immovable conviction/belief. That is the Jesuit-casuistic mind: First implementing the conviction, followed by the belief that such conviction is the ONLY TRUTH.

The JESUITS: the silent plotters who always have and always will be remaining in the shadow since it is secrecy that is the very basis of their power and influence. In the Jesuit Extreme Oath of Induction ceremony, recorded in the Journals of the 62nd Congress, 3rd Session of the USA, the real aims of the Society of Jesus are made crystal clear. 

“You have been taught to plant insidiously the seeds of jealousy and hatred between communities, provinces, states that were at peace, and to incite them to deeds of blood, involving them in war with each other, and to create revolutions and civil wars in countries that were independent and prosperous..to gather together all information for the benefit of your Order.” 

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The book sold 5 million copies and all who read it, myself and 12's of Italian politicians could not REFUTE all the Proof presented (name, date, hour by hour reporting, No autopsy, No single blood sample taken for fear of revealing poison used in bottle shared with Sinister Cardinal VILLOT, etc.

THE BAY OF SALAMIS: THE NAVAL BATTLE IN 480 BCE WHICH SAVED THE WEST and by extension Western Civilization

In the troubled and violent history of empire-building, some battles are obviously more important than others and a FEW, most of which were land-battles, have been of supreme importance. Strangely enough and known only by a handful of NAVAL military war experts and strategic analysts, three (3) NAVAL BATTLES FOUGHT OVER A SPAN OF 1100 YEARS, HAVE SAVED THE WEST & by extension Western civilization: 1. SALAMIS in September 22-23, 480 BCE … 2. ACTIUM in September 2, 31 CE … 3. LEPANTO in October 7, 1571. In all 3 battles, a squadron of Egyptian ships and sailors have been involved.
This is the first naval battle in the bay of SALAMIS … the other 2 will follow next 4-5 days
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PREAMBULE

By the first years of the 5th century BCE, Persia, under the rule of Darius (r. 522-486 BCE), was already expanding into mainland Europe and had subjugated Thrace and Macedonia. The next objective was to quell once and for all the collection of potentially troublesome rebel states on the western border of the Empire. In 490 BCE Greek forces led by Athens met the Persians in battle at Marathon and defeated the invaders. The battle would take on mythical status amongst the Greeks, but in reality it was merely the opening overture of a long war with several other battles making up the principal acts. Angered by the humiliating defeat, Darius began to prepare a second and final push into Greece, but revolts in Egypt delayed the invasion. 

Darius died before he could carry out his plan, but he was succeded by his son, Xerxes I (I believe it's pronounced Zerkzies, but I can't be sure). After crushing the Egyptian revolts, Xerxes prepared to invade Greece. In 486 BCE Xerxes became king, and he invaded first the Cyclades and then the Greek mainland after victory at Thermopylae in August 480 BCE against a token Greek force. 

After the decisive victory by the Persians, Xerxes moved his forces down further into Greece, sacking and occupying Athens.
Greece then, lay open to the invaders and Persian forces rampaged, but some 30 Greek city-states, however, were preparing to fight back and the Battle of Salamis would show Xerxes that Greece, or at least a large chunk of it, was far from being conquered.  

The outcome of the Persian Wars would decide the fate of the eastern Mediterranean in the coming years. Would Greece spread its unique democratic culture, or would Persia simply add more lands to their already vast empire? The Persian Wars are also known as the Greco-Persian Wars. Between the years of 560 and 500 BCE, political authority changed rapidly and to quite a degree. The Near East had never seen as vast an empire as Persia had grown to be under the leadership of Cyrus the Great. The Persian Empire claimed all of Mesopotamia, and stretched from the Persian Gulf in the south, to the Caspian Sea in the North, and from present-day Pakistan to the Aegean and Black Seas.
At the same time, another culture was rising just 200 miles away, across the Aegean. This culture would grow to become what would be the Greek Empire. 

In this period however, most of 'Greece' was nothing but feeble villages governed by local aristocracies, however the city-state of Athens was a leap and a bound ahead of the others, already making unprecedented changes that would lead to a revolutionary type of government: democracy. While Athens was developing democracy, Sparta, on the Peloponnese peninsula, was the most important member of this culture, as they had become the most powerful land power in Greece, and was the chief member of a large alliance of other Greek city-states that controlled the majority of southern Greece. Even with all these things going for them, compared to the empire they were about to fight, they were nothing.

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SALAMIS, THE BATTLE OF SALAMIS: THE NAVAL ENCOUNTER THAT SAVED GREECE -- AND by extension WESTERN CIVILIZATION

The Battle of Salamis was a naval battle between the Greek city-states and Persia, fought in September, 480 BC in the straits between Piraeus and Salamis, a small island in the Saronic Gulf near Athens, Greece. 

 

XERXES GOAL 

 After the defeat suffered by the expedition of Darius, in 490, for the Persian Empire the Greek issue had become the pivot around which revolved the entire Persian foreign policy. The defeat not only demanded a prompt repair, to be paid with the loss of credibility of the power system of the great King, but the fledgling Athenian maritime expansion policy posed problems of hegemony in the Aegean basin which, especially after the suppression of the Ionian revolt in the years before the battle of Marathon, was considered by the Persians as their exclusive commercial and military presence.

The death of Darius in 486 BC, had left on the shoulders of his son, Xerxes, the responsibility to close forever all the contends with the Greeks. Just ascended the throne, Xerxes began immediately to prepare for a new and final military operation in Greece. Following the advice of his uncle Artabanes, Xerxes realized that this time, he had to resort more than a simple punitive operation; so the Persian administration demonstrated a great organizational efficiency, collecting from all around the Empire a veritable multitude of men, from the most disparate ethnicities, to form a large army that was supposed to hit Greece.

The Persian Fleet

 The vast Persian Empire stretched from the Danube to Egypt and from Ionia to Bactria, and Xerxes was able to draw on a huge reserve of resources to amass a huge invasion force. Ariabignes, the son of Darius, commanded the Ionian, Carian, Achaimene, and Egyptian fleets. Cybernis, the king of Xanthos, led the Lycian fleet of 50 ships. Artemisia, more on her later, led the Dorian fleet of 30 ships and other known commanders included Prexaspes, Megabazus, and Achaimenes. 
 

Persian light fast ship

Technically, the Persians, and especially the Phoenicians, were better seamen, but as the fleet was drawn from all parts of the Empire, the motivation and communication levels were perhaps less than their opponents who all spoke the same language and who were fighting not only for their own survival but that of their families and their way of life.

The Persian fleet significantly outnumbered the Greeks.

BRIDGE BUILDING TO CROSS THE HELLESPONT

 Xerxes recruited a team of bridge-builders, who cleverly decided to build two floating bridges, one for the use of the army's troops, and a second, downstream, which would carry the large herds of horses and other animals across the straits. The engineers also made sure to use thicker ropes to tie the ships together. After the ropes were pulled taut by giant windlasses anchored to either shore, mile-long embankments of timber, stone and packed earth were laid across the ships' decks to form roadways.

 In the weeks that it took to assemble the floating bridges, Xerxes ordered his naval commanders to allow grain-ships bound for Greece to pass through the Dardanelles unharmed.

PERSIAN PLAN

The Persian operations plan was simple and straightforward: the great King himself stood at the head of the army, order the construction of a bridge over the Hellespont, began to fall along the coast of Thrace and Thessaly backed up close to the fleet.

The Greeks decided to block the Persian progression at the Thermopylae pass, in the Locride Opuntia, where the Spartan King Leonidas arrived with 7,000 Hoplites, including 300 Spartans. For its part the fleet led by Themistocles, 300 Triremes, 200 of them Athenians, placed at the Strait of Artemisio between northern coast of Euboea and the Mainland. The Spartans, with all Peloponnesians, were convinced that the only solution was to withdraw behind the isthmus of Corinth in the Peloponnese, and wait for the enemy; it was a myopic vision that would leave in the hands of the Persians two thirds of Greece, including Athens and Attica. Rejecting reinforcements and support to Leonidas, Spartans condemned the maneuver to failure and marked the fate of Leonidas and his 300 Spartans.
Xerxes Anger

Xerxes Crossing the Hellespont at the head of his army.

The Athenians had fled to Salamis after the Battle of Thermopylae in August, 480 BC, while the Persians occupied and burned their city. With defeat at Thermopylae, the inconclusive naval battle at Artemision, and Xerxes’ Persian army on the rampage, the Greek city-states faced an unprecedented attack, one which threatened their very existence. The Greek fleet joined them there in August after the indecisive Battle of Artemisium. The Spartans wanted to return to the Peloponnese, seal off the Isthmus of Corinth with a wall, and prevent the Persians from defeating them on land, but the Athenian commander Themistocles persuaded them to remain at Salamis, arguing that a wall across the Isthmus was pointless as long as the Persian army could be transported and supplied by the Persian navy. His argument depended on a particular interpretation of the oracle at Delphi, which, in typical Delphic ambiguity, prophesized that Salamis would "bring death to women's sons," but also that the Greeks would be saved by a "wooden wall". Themistocles interpreted the wooden wall as the fleet of ships, and argued that Salamis would bring death to the Persians, not the Greeks. Furthermore some Athenians who chose not to flee Athens, interpreted the prophecy literally, barricaded the entrance to the Acropolis with a wooden wall, and fenced themselves in. The wooden wall was overrun, they were all killed, and the Acropolis was burned down by the Persians. After the retreat of the Athenian fleet and army of towns aligned, all the cities of Boeotia, including Thebes, were forced to open the door at the army of the great King. After a week of marching, Xerxes finally penetrated in Attica ready to avenge, once and for all, the honor of his father.

The approach of the great Persian army at Athens was forced to resort to radical measures: the defenses of the city was to be excluded because at that time Athens was not surrounded by defensive walls; at the suggestion of Themistocles, by many, not only in Athens, seen as the last hope of Hellas, the entire fleet was transferred from citizenship and the islands of Salamis and Aegina, while the fleet was fielded between the island of Salamis and the coast of Attica. Only a few diehards were locked in the Acropolis, hoping to resist in a last bulwark against fortified, but Xerxes, after burning the town almost deserted, put an end to the last resistance massacring all the defenders of the fortress on the Acropolis.

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The Greek Preparation

Themistocles (c. 524 - c. 460 BCE) was an Athenian statesman and general (strategos) whose emphasis on naval power and military skills were instrumental during the Persian wars, victory in which ensured that Greece survived its greatest ever threat.

Themistocles, after confronting the Persians at the battle of Marathon, had not resigned, in the years immediately following, to see fade his drawing to give Athens a war fleet worthy of the name. According to him, this was the only means possible to try, with real chances of winning, to solve once and for all the problem constituted by the Persian threat.

 Themistocles needed time to achieve its purpose; in Athens under the influence of Pro-aristocratic politics of Miltiades, he had to use all his oratorical skills even inventing a fake purpose. The final construction of the fleet started in fact, under the pretext of a war against the neighbouring island of Aegina: to convince their fellow citizens, Themistocles used the greed and envy for the rich Aeginate shopping, which proved a stronger Persian menace.

But Athens had an invaluable resource: the silver mines of Laurion, in which a new strand, recently discovered, had allowed the national treasure to rake in 200 talents (an attic talent was worth approximately 35 kg) of silver. To the one hundred richest citizens was granted a loan of a talent in order to build and maintain a trireme, while the other hundred talents were offered at 50 naucrarie (less affluent citizens groups), each of which would have to deal with two Triremes. So with the wealth of silver mines and an organizational structure capable of mobilising all the energy of the city, regardless of wealth, Themistocles was able to provide Athens a permanent military fleet of at least 200 Triremes.

The next step for Themistocles was trying to create an Alliance capable of withstanding the impact of the Persian giant. but the result was under the expectations. The entire North Attica Greece, except for Thespis and the loyal Audience in Boeotia, surrendered for fear, falling in the hands of the Persians. With the Aegean Islands have long been in the hands of the great King, the Confederation was composed of 31 city: Sparta, Athens, Corinth, Megara, Aegina (which eventually, in need, the Athenians Allied), Calcis and other 25 cities not militarily significants. It was with this small force that Greece awaited Xerxes.

NAVAL TACTIC

 

The Diekplus was an ancient Greek naval operation used to infiltrate the enemy's line-of-battle. The maneuver consisted of Greek ships, in line abreast, rowing through gaps between its enemy's ships. After the galley successfully crossed the opponent's line, the Greek ships would turn around and attack the susceptible side of the opponent Themistocles had already built a larger trireme, casting from the bow to the stern, where there were two small elements of bridge to the helmsman and the deal is done, a long catwalk, which deploy the Hoplites to keep them ready, wide, to boarding Infantry on board ships

The Trireme

Both sides had very similar ships - the triremes (triērēis) - which were 40-50 ton wooden warships up to 40 m long. Light, streamlined, and maneuverable, they were powered in battle by 170 oarsmen split in three ranks down each side of the ship. Able to rapidly accelerate, break, zigzag, and turn 360 degrees in just two ships’ lengths, good seamanship could place the vessel to best advantage and employ the principal strategy of naval warfare at that time which was to ram the enemy, making full use of the bronze ram fitted to the prow of the vessel. 

Triremes also carried a small complement of  soldiers, at least 10 hoplites and four archers. The Persians generally carried more - 14 combatants and 30 Medes armed with bow, spear, and sword. These extra troops came into their own when at close quarters with the enemy and in the case of boarding an enemy vessel. . The main weapon of the trireme was a spur in oak bow, placed on the extension of the keel, sometimes in laminate bronze.
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While the Persians were count on maneuverability of their Triremes, carrying groups of archers to target with arrows the enemy, the Greeks at Salamis adopted a more brutal tactics, seeking contact with the opposing ships, so to exploit, after the ramming, the contingents of Hoplites that can finally boarding the enemy vessels.
Sometimes on the Triremes were also installed war machines for throwing stones or heavy javelins against enemy ships.

The forces on the field

1. Contemporary historians such as Hanson estimate in two or three hundred thousand soldiers the force put together by Xerxes, while Delbruck estimates an amount of the total number of combatants at the disposal of the great King to a maximum of 75,000 men. However, an acceptable estimate of the Persian forces can get around 200,000 combatants, many of whom still serve on the accompanying fleet consisting of at least 800 Triremes in addition to auxiliary ships and transports.
It was a very considerable strength, especially for the armies of the time and, in any case, much higher than that which the Hellenes were, at best, able to field: about 10,000 Hoplites to Sparta, between 7,000 and 8,000 for Athens, much less from smaller towns; the only note of optimism for the Greeks came from the great fleet put together by Themistocles that, as we said, had a substantial Athens equipped Navy.

The Persian Fleet

 

The vast Persian Empire stretched from the Danube to Egypt and from Ionia to Bactria, and Xerxes was able to draw on a huge reserve of resources to amass a huge invasion force. Ariabignes, the son of Darius, commanded the Ionian, Carian, Achaimene, and Egyptian fleets. Cybernis, the king of Xanthos, led the Lycian fleet of 50 ships. Artemisia, the tyrant of Halicarnassus, led the Dorian fleet of 30 ships and other known commanders included Prexaspes, Megabazus, and Achaimenes. Technically, the Persians, and especially the Phoenicians, were better seamen, but as the fleet was drawn from all parts of the Empire, the motivation and communication levels were perhaps less than their opponents who all spoke the same language and who were fighting not only for their own survival but that of their families and their way of life.
The Persian fleet significantly outnumbered the Greeks.
The exact number of ships in the Persian fleet is not known. Herodotus in his Histories (440-430 BCE) compiles precise lists but these are widely thought to be exaggerated and unreliable. Also, his list is for the Persian fleet which originally sailed to Greek waters and by the time of Salamis, many would have been left to guard ports and supply routes or have been lost in storms (especially at Magnesia) and in the Battle of Artemision a month earlier. Nevertheless, below are his figures for triremes  - warships with three banks of oars (note the contributions from conquered or pro-Persian Greek cities):

• Phoenician  300  
• Egyptian  200 
• Cyprian 150 
• Cilician  100 
• Ionian  100
• Hellespontine 100
• Carian  70
• Aolian  60
• Lycian  50
• Pamphylian 30
• Dorian  30
• Cyclades 17
  

The much larger Persian fleet consisted of 1207 ships, although their original invasion force consisted of many more ships that had since been lost due to storms in the Aegean Sea and at Artemisium. The Persians, led by Xerxes I, decided to meet the Athenian fleet off the coast of Salamis Island, and were so confident of their victory that Xerxes set up a throne on the shore, on the slopes of Mount Aegaleus, to watch the battle in style and record the names of commanders who performed particularly well.

The Greek Fleet

The Greeks had 371 triremes and pentekonters (smaller fifty-oared ships), effectively under Themistocles, but nominally led by the Spartan Eurybiades. The Spartans had very few ships to contribute, but they regarded themselves the natural leaders of any joint Greek military expedition, and always insisted that the Spartan general would be given command on such occasions. There were 180 ships from Athens, 40 from Corinth, 30 from Aegina, 20 from Chalcis, 20 from Megara, 16 from Sparta, 15 from Sicyon, 10 from Epidaurus, 7 from Eretria, 7 from Ambracia, 5 from Troizen, 4 from Naxos, 3 from Leucas, 3 from Hermione, 2 from Styra, 2 from Cythnus, 2 from Ceos, 2 from Melos, one from Siphnus, one from Seriphus, and one from Croton.
The allied Greek fleet was commanded by the Spartan Eurybiades, a surprising choice considering it was Athens who was the great naval power and supplied by far the most ships. The two other senior commanders were Themistocles of Athens and Adeimantus of Corinth. In effect, tactics and strategy were decided by a council of 17 commanders from each of the contributing contingents. However, it is Themistocles, the brilliant naval commander, drawing on his twenty-year experience and flush from the success of Artemision against far superior numbers, who is widely credited with deciding to hold position at Salamis instead of retreating to the isthmus of Corinth and masterminding the Greek victory.
Herodotus’ figures are once again inconsistent, his grand total of 380 triremes making up the Greek fleet is 15 more than the sum of his individual state contributions:

• Athens  200 
• Corinth  40 
• Aegina  30 
• Megara  20 
• Sparta  16 
• Sicyon  15 
• Epidaurus 10
• Eretria  7
• Ambracia 7
• Troezen 5
• Naxos  4
• Hermione 3
• Leucas  3
• Styra  2
• Ceos  2
• Cythnos 1
  

The figures for some states are suspiciously similar to those given before the Battle of Artemision, implausibly suggesting either they suffered next to no losses in that conflict or a swift replacement of vessels. Aeschylus states a total figure of 310 and Thucydides 400. In summary, we can only say that the Persian fleet seems to have significantly outnumbered the Greek.

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THE BATTLE

The Persians - according to more credited estimations - sided with the fleet divided into three parts: at right, at Attica bank, were the Phoenix vessels of Sidon, Tyre and Arad, under the command of the Persian Megabazo; on the left, to Salamis, the Triremes of Ionia, Caria and Ponto under Ariabigne; while the ships of Lycia, Cilicia and the rest of the Egyptian unit occupied the Center under the command of the King's half-brother Achmene.

The next morning (possibly September 28, but the exact date is unknown), the Persians were exhausted from searching for the Greeks all night, but they sailed in to the straits anyway to attack the Greek fleet. The Corinthian ships under Adeimantus immediately retreated, drawing the Persians further into the straits after them; although the Athenians later felt this was due to cowardice, the Corinthians had most likely been instructed to feign a retreat by Themistocles. Nevertheless none of the other Greek ships dared to attack, until one Greek trireme quickly rammed the lead Persian ship. At this, the rest of the Greeks joined the attack.

FLEET MOVEMENTS

The actual details of the battle are sketchy and often contradictory between ancient sources. Nevertheless, presenting the most commonly agreed upon elements, the first action of the battle was the defection of two Ionian ships to the allied Greek fleet. Themistocles, perhaps sending messages to the pro-Persian Greek state fleets, had hoped for more such defections but no others occurred. One such ship from Tenos informed the Greeks that the Persians were amassing in the straits, blocking in the Greek fleet. The Persians had moved into position overnight, hoping to surprise the enemy, but this strategy was unlikely to be successful considering the short distances involved and the noise made by the rowers.

DUPLICITY OF THEMISTOCLES

There is also the possibility that Themistocles had sent messages to Xerxes intimating the fragile Greek alliance was breaking up and the fleet was about to retreat.

 The Greeks faced the enemy with Euribiade on the right with the ships of Corinthians and lacedaemonians; Themistocles commanded the rest of the fleet, with the vessels of Megara and Calcis on the center and on the left, towards the coast of Attica, the homogeneous contingent of Athenian Triremes.

The Persians were trying to force the Straits, but soon they founded themselves in a real bottle and tried to recover a minimum of alignment. Instantly the two Greek wings threw themselves on the disordered enemy formation, hitting hard the Triremes of the great King.
In the narrow space, crowded by hundreds of ships, crews and specialists at the service of the Persians were unable to put to use their superior training and their greater seaworthiness. 

 

In this great confusion a large number of Persian ships ended up being rammed and, once at close range, the contingents of Hoplites embarked on Greek Triremes were an absolutely winning weapon. Persian soldiers, stimulated by the presence of their King, fought well, but the tactical situation was very much in favour of the Greeks. Bottled and unable to maneuver, the Persian Triremes fell one by one under the blows of Greek spurs or, if addressed, suffered the attack of the heavy infantry embarked.

 

Only about 100 of the heavier Persian triremes could fit into the gulf at a time, and each successive wave was disabled or destroyed by the lighter Greek triremes. At least 200 Persian ships were sunk, including one by Artemisia, who apparently switched sides in the middle of the battle to avoid being captured and ransomed by the Athenians. Aristides also took another small contingent of ships and recaptured Psyttaleia, a nearby island that the Persians had occupied a few days earlier. It is said that it was the Immortals, the elite Persian Royal Guard, who during the battle had to evacuate to Psyttaleia after their ships sank: they were slaughtered to a man. 

According to Herodotus, the Persians suffered many more casualties than the Greeks because the Persians did not know how to swim; one of the Persian casualties was a brother of Xerxes. Those Persians who survived and ended up on shore were killed by the Greeks who found them.

CASUALTIES

 Casualties were very high: approximately 200 Persian Triremes sunk, while the Greeks have suggested the loss of only 42 vessels. The sea was covered with floating wreckage including sought out survivors of the Persian crews. The Athenians, still furious for the destruction of their city, distinguished themselves in the struggle not allowing mercy to the Persian sailors who sought refuge among the wreckage. Soon the battle turned into a carnage, and only a few of the Persian ships involved in the fight were able to find refuge in the escape. Xerxes did not see through his defeat, once again become clear that the outcome of the battle would have been disastrous for their fleet, he left his throne and returned, perhaps already contemplating his return to his homeland, at the Persian camp. In the first major naval battle in history, the tactical genius and the political acumen of Themistocles had assured the Greek Coalition a decisive victory; without the support of the fleet and with the supply crisis, the fate of the Persian invasion force was now decided.

Xerxes, sitting ashore upon his golden throne, witnessed the horror. Overlooking from his command post in the early morning, Xerxes would have seen not a fleet about to retreat but the Greeks positioned two-ships deep along a 3 km long curve, perhaps presenting a line of 130 ships against the Persian main front of 150 ships, three ships deep. The Persians advanced, becoming more closely packed as they aligned themselves with the enemy’s narrower front. The Greeks held position, drawing the Persians into an ever tighter confine. Ships began to ram each other and in the tight space they would have struggled to disengage. Then the armed soldiers on board would have come into their own with hoplites and archers fighting on the decks much as in a land battle. With more Persian ships pressing in from the rear and the Corinthians joining from the side, there must have been a chaos of broken ships and drowning men - particularly amongst the Persians who had no shore to retreat to and most probably could not swim.  

The consequences

Defeated and humiliated, Xerxes was forced to take the way back home. He did so almost immediately, aware as it was, that after such a setback, his presence at the center of the Empire was required. The various parts of Persian power, in fact, couldn't stay long without the leadership of the King, especially when weakened by the defeat, the disintegration of the Empire itself was a concrete possibility.
In Greece the King left the army under the General Mardonius, with orders to spend the winter there and try to revival a terrestrial campaign the following year.

While the fleet was in disarray towards Asia minor, King cautiously regained the Hellespont, which he crossed after a month, with the whole army, excluding the Persians and the Medes that Mardonius chose to keep with him, about 50,000 fighters.
The victory of the Greeks marked the turning point in the Persian Wars. Xerxes and most of his army retreated to the Hellespont,

In truth, ALTHOUGH still dangerous, the Persian presence in the heart of Greece was doomed to failure: without supplies, the Hellenic fleet had now taken full control of the Aegean, and Mardonius was forced to accept battle. Mardonius recaptured Athens, but the Greek city-states joined together once more to fight him at the simultaneous battles of Plataea and Mycale in 479 BC, the following spring, where he was defeated and killed.

https://youtu.be/nENUmbdsAPw

AftermathBecause the Battle of Salamis saved Greece from being absorbed into the Persian Empire, it essentially ensured the emergence of Western civilization as a major force in the world. Many historians have therefore ranked the Battle of Salamis as one of the most decisive military engagements of all time. 
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Assessment of Themistocles
Themistocles was often viewed unfavourably by early writers. Admittedly a master strategist, he is often depicted as a slick politician, bent on enriching himself even in the crisis of the great war. The reason for this bias is perhaps that he was a strong democrat, hated by the Athenian upper classes, and their views, passed on to their friend the historian Herodotus and to Plato, himself an aristocrat, colour the whole tradition.
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 NOTE ON ARTEMISIA

  Artemisia I of Caria (Ancient Greek: Ἀρτεμισία; Persian: آرتمیس‎‎; fl. 480 BCE) was queen of the ancient Greek city-state of Halicarnassus and of the nearby island of Kos, within the Achaemenid satrapy of Caria, in about 480 BCE. She fought as an ally of Xerxes I, King of Persia against the independent Greek city states during the second Persian invasion of Greece. She personally commanded her contribution of five ships at the naval battle of Artemisium and in the naval Battle of Salamis in 480 BCE. She is mostly known through the writings of Herodotus, himself a native of Halicarnassus, who praises her courage and the respect in which Xerxes held her queen of the ancient Greek city-state of Halicarnassus and of the nearby island of Kos, within the Achaemenid satrapy of Caria, in about 480 BCE. She fought as an ally of Xerxes I, King of Persia against the independent Greek city states during the second Persian invasion of Greece. She personally commanded her contribution of five ships at the naval battle of Artemisium and in the naval Battle of Salamis in 480 BCE. She is mostly known through the writings of Herodotus, himself a native of Halicarnassus, who praises her courage and the respect in which Xerxes held her.

 Artemisia at the battle of SALAMIS

Prior to the naval battle, she was the only
commander to criticize the plan.

Artemisia was the first and only woman admiral who commanded personally her squadron of warships.

ARTEMISIA with XERXES I

(September, 480 BCE). Tell the King to spare his ships and not do a naval battle because our enemies are much stronger than us in the sea, as men are to women. And why does he need to risk a naval battle? Athens for which he did undertake this expedition is his and the rest of Greece too. No man can stand against him and they who once resisted, were destroyed.
If Xerxes chose not to rush into a naval encounter, but instead kept his ships close to the shore and either stayed there or moved them towards the Peloponnese, victory would be his. The Greeks can't hold out against him for very long. They will leave for their cities, because they don't have food in store on this island, as I have learned, and when our army will march against the Peloponnese they who have come from there will become worried and they will not stay here to fight to defend Athens.

 Several modern ships were named after Artemisia. Iranian destroyer (Persian: ناوشکن) purchased during the Pahlavi dynasty was named Artemis in her honour. This destroyer was the largest ship in the Iranian Navy.

The picture above shows an icebreaker named "Fair Artemis".

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